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第76章 开中纳银(1 / 2)

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李杰对着外面的军士喊道:“交卷!”

门外的军士直翻白眼,在他的执勤生涯中,还是第一次见每场都这么早交卷的士子,不过碍于职责他也没法说什么,叫来受卷官,刚好还是昨日的那位,受卷官心里也嘀咕,不知这位林解元是自信还是自负呢。

回到林瀚府上,林瀚这次到没有说什么,林澜和林庭昂二人在第二日也交卷了,公文写作对于他们同样不是难题,二月十五日,会试第三场正式开始。

顺天贡院外,一众举子静待考试开始,四更天一到,经过搜检众人轮流进场。

会试第三场试经史时务策五道,策问允许减两道,但是要求三百字以上,虽然规定是三百字以上即可,但是实际上每道策论的字数大约都在一千字,因为三百字不足以将论题写清楚。

策问,策是策问,论是议论文,和现代的申论有点类似,以论点为中心的写作,一般题目大多是治国类、伦理类、经济类、文教类、军事武略类,想要答得好,第一要了解题目核心,然后根据问题逐步给出自己的解决方案,夸夸其谈是不行的。

这次策问中的第一题,便是论“开中盐法以纳银替赴边纳粮”,盐在古代属于重要物资,也是暴利。明朝产盐多以海盐、池盐、井盐为主,其中海盐产量最多。

明朝实行食盐官府专卖,是一种间接专卖,首先由灶户产盐,然后官府统一收购,盐商在从官府手中购得盐引,用盐引在盐场换到食盐再去官府指定地区销售,灶户是专门产盐的差役户,来源除了前朝遗留下来的,还有因罪被判处充当的,以及强制将盐场附近的部分民众划为灶户,一旦入灶籍,世代充任不得随意脱籍。

至于开中法,则是明朝初期战火连连,北方边境地区驻扎重兵,由于边地大多不产粮食,并且运粮之中损耗过大,边地军饷就成了亟需解决的问题,洪武三年由山西官员奏请,以盐政来解决边地军饷的供应问题,让商户由原先纳银换盐改为向边地纳粮,然后根据纳粮凭证到盐场换取食盐。

以弘治年间的盐价来看,100斤食盐大致在1两左右,边境纳粮大致在一石粟米左右(大约0.6-0.7两左右)可以换得一引200斤食盐,即使去除运粮期间的损耗也有将近2倍的利润,如何不让那些商人趋之若鹜。

开中盐法的实行大大减轻了政府的负担,加上边境自有的军屯,边地军饷基本上就解决了,这一政策也从山西开始实行,其后不断推广到其他地区,明太祖朱元璋曾说“吾养兵百万,要不费百姓一粒米。”也是得益于军屯和开中法的实行,晋商(盐商纷纷赴边开垦商屯,减少运输距离)的崛起也得益于开中法的实行。

开中纳粮便一直实行下来,但是食盐的产量是有限的,边境一有战事发生便时有盐引超发,日积月累之下导致盐商守支(盐商纳粮完之后盐场给不出盐,只得等待支取),再加上成化年间朝堂上的乱象,宦官、中官、勋戚无休止的奏乞盐引。

结果导致弘治年间有商人守支数十年,大大的损害了商人开中纳粮的积极性,如今已经到了不得不变的程度了,去年朝廷就曾下旨允许商人买余盐以补官引。

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