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第358章 灿烂宋文明:烟花爆竹和活字印刷术(1 / 2)

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上六:冥升,利于不息之贞。

暗中上升,利于坚持不停息。

有段时间,有一种说法甚嚣尘上:崖山之后无中国。

这句话的最初出处,或出于钱谦益的《后秋兴之十三》:

海角崖山一线斜,从今也不属中华。更无鱼腹捐躯地,况有龙涎泛海槎?

这个在骨气上甚至不如秦淮河上妓女的明末文人,先因“水太冷”而不敢以身殉国,后又失节降清,降清后却又不忠心事主,而是暗中从事反清活动。这种道德观念分裂的强烈痛苦,使他不得不从历史中寻找慰藉,所以这种说法从一开始就不靠谱。

如果说崖山之后无中国,我们老祖宗观测了几千年的天文星象为何从未断绝,记载了三千多年中国历史的《二十六史》为何至今仍在?我们为什么还能读到“四书五经”《老子》《庄子》《九章算术》等等这些传世经典?为什么张衡、刘徽、祖冲之等等这些科学家至今仍名垂青史?

所以事实是,宋朝虽然已经灭亡,但中国文化并没有出现断层,中华文明依然在吐故纳新,生生不息地向前包容发展。这种文化层面的冥升,不以政权的更替为转移,潜移默化地影响和改造着中华民族的精神、血脉、基因,使中国人民无论面临怎样的危险,始终能不屈不挠、克难奋进,昂然屹立在世界东方。

我们注意到,不仅无数宝贵的远古精神文化遗产经由宋元两朝传承至今,而且宋朝本身也为我们创造并留下了辉煌灿烂的科学、文化、历史遗产,比如我们耳熟能详的苏轼、欧阳修等诗人,比如四大发明之一的活字印刷术和火药的应用,比如代表中国制造世界水平的哥汝官钧定五大名瓷,比如连通四海的海上丝绸之路等等。

宋朝的瓷器烧制水准实现跨越式发展,其所产瓷器之精美,数量和品种之繁多,均大大超过前代。现已发现的古代陶瓷遗址分布于全国一百七十多个县,其中一百三十个县有宋代窑址,接近总数的八成。宋代最着名的五大名窑分别是开封官窑、汝州汝窑、禹州钧窑、龙泉哥窑、曲阳定窑,它们又和景德镇景德窑、建阳建窑一起,被并称为七大名瓷窑。

宋朝的制瓷工艺臻至一种崭新的美学境界。宋瓷通过海上丝绸之路远销全球,更为世界工艺发展史树立了一座璀璨丰碑。

由于西夏阻断了丝绸之路,再加上经济中心南移,从宋朝开始,海上贸易地位不断提高,海上丝绸之路兴起。广州、杭州、泉州、苏州、温州等沿海城市先后设立市舶司专门管理海外贸易。有宋一代,市舶司获得的税收约占国家财政收入的百分之六,成为支撑国家财政的重要来源。到南宋晚期,福建泉州作为海上丝绸之路的起点,更是一跃成为世界第一大港。

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