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第313章 一年强半在城中(1 / 2)

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六三:三人行则损一人,一人行则得其友。

三人同行则损失一人,一人出行则得到朋友。

孔子曰;三人行必有我师,而易经则曰:三人行则损一人。

条件相同,结果却不同,为什么?

因为心态不同。

我们如果抱着学习的心态,虚心学人之所长时,三人行必有我师。但往往人多则相疑,且观点也是见仁见智,不尽相同,那么三人同行则必有一人被伤害。好比王安石变法,朝堂之上有支持的,有中立的,也有反对的。结果反对者一派大多被贬谪外放。

另一方面,人是群居动物,独自一人出门在外,不仅感到孤独,而且势单力薄,反而更容易交到朋友。

苏轼也是新法的反对派。司马光去职离京这一年,苏轼也曾上书谈论新法的弊病。他主要针对的,还是青苗法。

青苗法,早在唐朝中后叶就已经有了,其主要目的就是为皇帝创收。王安石推行的青苗法与唐朝略有不同,试图在增加政府收入的同时,抑制民间高利贷、保护和赈济民户。

出发点是好的,问题在于能实现吗?

民以食为天,米面粮食向来是国家战略物资。缺粮或粮价高,都会引起社会动荡,所以需要国家出台制度,囤积粮食且调控粮价。

宋朝的应对措施是设置常平仓:遇贵量减市价粜,遇贱量增市价籴。也就是说,丰年时以高于市场价收购老百姓的余粮,防止谷贱伤农,荒年时则适量降低米价放售米粮,以平抑物价,赈济百姓。

王安石认为旧有的常平制度过于呆板,于是在原有基础上做了些许调整。他将常平仓、广惠仓等国家粮仓的储备粮食折算为本钱,然后以百分之二十的利率放贷给农民和城市手工业者。

这么做目的是“民不加赋而国用足”,试图在不加重农民负担的同时,增加政府财政收入。而达成目的的关键是,通过国家放贷来替代民间高利贷,将利钱收归国有。

王安石推出青苗法,并非没有事实依据。当时,有些地方政府已在探索通过有息贷款救济百姓,以防止高利贷盘剥并增加政府收入。王安石在地方任职时,也曾亲自实践过,效果非常不错。

但当他在全国推行青苗法时,在实际执行中暴露了许多问题。

首先,利息并不低,最高可达三四分,而且不能随借随还。

其次,当放贷成为必须完成的任务和政绩考评指标时,地方官吏就会以权力强行放贷,让本无需要的老百姓也要借贷,以增加业绩。

光以上两条,青苗法就变成了地方政府放高利贷的苛政。

相比起来,民间借贷是自愿行为,可随借随还,还不了还能拖欠一些时日,比起青苗法反而更有优势。

苏轼不仅上书直陈新法弊病,还利用所长写诗反映问题。他的组诗《山村五绝》,就集中反映了新法实施后对农村造成的危害。其中一首七绝就描述了青苗法的危害:

杖藜裹饭去匆匆,过眼青钱转手空。

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