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第264章 藏汉交融与茶马互市(1 / 2)

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晋卦六爻讲述了吐蕃王朝兴衰史以及藏汉民族交融史。

距今四千年以前,靑藏雪域高原之上,藏族先民就已创造了极为丰富、极富特色的民族文化。自松赞干布统一西藏各部落建立吐蕃王国,迎娶唐朝文成公主后,西藏文明开始表现出强烈地向东发展的意愿和趋势。藏汉人民的关系日益密切,藏汉文化也在相互影响和交融。

公元729年,吐蕃与唐朝再次和亲。赤德祖赞赞普在迎娶金城公主后,向唐玄宗上表自称外甥,表示两族百姓同为一家,普皆安乐。

安史之乱爆发后,唐玄宗“晋如摧如”,从长安仓皇逃到四川,并从西北边境抽调大量兵马平乱,致使西部防务空虚。吐蕃出于做大强自身的雄心,不仅没有派兵协助平叛,反而趁机出兵占领了陇右、河西大片地区。

吐蕃王朝的辖地大大扩张,东抵陇山(今甘肃、陕西交界处山脉),北达宁夏贺兰山,南收复南诏国为小兄弟。鼎盛时期的吐蕃,甚至一度据北庭(今新疆昌吉自治州境内)、安西(今新疆吐鲁番境内)为己有,疆域扩张至喜马拉雅山以南的恒河北岸。

吐蕃能不断开疆拓土,俨然成为西域小霸王,还得多谢唐朝,“受兹介福,于其王母。”盛唐国力强盛时,实现了对西域以及蒙古高原诸族的强有力控制,于是当唐军从河西走廊和西域撤走平乱后,这里顿时出现了巨大的权力真空。吐蕃人几乎不费吹灰之力,便征服了这些地区。

实际上,吐蕃王国的这种扩张很危险,这几乎相当于同时向大唐帝国和另一端的阿拉伯帝国宣战。但吐蕃王国所在的青藏高原海拔极高,这就和俄罗斯的苦寒天气一样,是一道很难逾越的天然屏障。小规模部队进犯时,一旦出现高原反应,只能不战自溃,根本无法对其本土进行实质性打击。

而两大帝国此时内部纷争不断,均无力组织大规模的军事行动,于是都只能暂时听之任之。“众允,悔亡,”吐蕃王朝迎来短暂的鼎盛时期。

然而,频繁的对外战争削弱了吐蕃国力,吐蕃王朝开始由盛转衰。“晋如鼫鼠,贞厉,”他们丧失了继续向外扩张的能力。公元821年唐穆宗年间,吐蕃遣使请求与唐朝会盟,双方缔结了永久和好相处的条约。在拉萨大昭寺前至今耸立着唐蕃会盟碑,成为汉藏人民团结友爱的不朽象征。

天下大势合久必分,分久必合,吐蕃王朝内部矛盾日趋激烈。王室分为两支,大臣们随之分成两派,各地将领也纷纷站队,拥兵自立。随着王室统治力减弱,一些附属部落相继脱离吐蕃管制。吐蕃陷入混战时代,兵荒马乱之下,百姓民不聊生。

公元848年,沙州(甘肃敦煌)人张议潮忍无可忍,率先揭竿而起,吐蕃境内的汉人纷纷响应。起义军很快占领沙州,接着又攻取今甘肃、新疆、青海境内的十州土地。“悔亡,失得勿恤。”公元851年唐宣宗年间,张议潮派遣他的哥哥张议潭带着十一州地图来到唐都长安献地归附。唐朝于是在沙州设置归义军,并任命张议潮为节度使。

河西、陇右地区于是重新归于唐朝版图。

张议潮领导的这场奴隶平民大起义,如飓风一般席卷整个西藏地区。吐蕃王朝因此彻底分崩离析,境内大大小小无数政权割据自立。

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