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第139章 王弼注《易经》(1 / 1)

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观卦六爻讲述了三国时期曹魏名士王弼短暂而辉煌的一生。

王弼(公元227年-公元249年)是古今罕见的高才生,字辅嗣,高平(今山东省微山县)人。

他是正儿八经的三国时期曹魏国人。曹魏立国只有四十多年,王弼只活了二十三岁,生在曹魏,死在曹魏,但他的影响却绝不止于曹魏。直到现在我们常读的通行本《道德经》,就出自他的注解和修改。他对《道德经》的影响,远远胜过脂砚斋之于《红楼梦》。也正是因为他,《易经》从卜筮象数之外别开生面,又派生出义理一脉。

后世对王弼和《道德经》有两个观点存疑,此处拿出来探讨一下:

一是他对《道德经》的修改,究竟是借鉴交融还是刻意儒化,值得探讨。因唐朝之世用历代先贤二十二人配享孔庙,其中包括王弼,于是有人说王弼是儒家,认为他刻意用儒学思想曲解了《道德经》的原意。而事实上王弼偏爱老子,能言善辩,他是魏晋玄学的创始人及代表人物。

二是王弼读到的《道德经》是否已被篡改?通行本《道德经》将帛版中的“恒”字全部改成了“常”字,一般认为是王弼为了避汉文帝刘恒名讳。但王弼生活的年代已非汉室,距汉文帝更已将近四百年时光,王弼是否还需要专门避讳呢?或者说,王弼读到的《道德经》早已非帛本了?

好了,书归正传。

王弼出身官宦世家,他的曾外祖父是东汉末年荆州牧刘表。王弼的祖父王凯有一个族弟名叫王粲,建安七子之一,貌丑而才高,被誉为七子之冠冕,与曹植并称“曹王”。

刘表“童观”,虽然看重王粲的才能,有意嫁女,却又嫌他长得很不帅。他思量再三,最后还是以貌取人,把女儿嫁给了风度翩翩的王凯。王粲“君子吝”,只得另娶娇妻。

王粲本有两个儿子,全部因罪处死。王粲不得不收王弼的父亲王业为继子,摇身一变成了王弼的继祖父。于是,王粲家藏的万卷图书全部成了王弼的读本。王弼“闚(kui)观”,他一边伏案苦学,一边认真研究,还不到二十岁就已文名扬天下。他与权臣钟会齐名,与正始名士何晏成了好朋友。

他们关于圣人之性情有过一场精彩的辩论。何晏认为圣人无喜怒哀乐,持论非常精妙。王弼则认为圣人的五情与常人相同,不可能做到完全无悲无喜。以圣人“观我生”,甚有道理。

正始年间,何晏有意推荐王弼任黄门侍郎,但他的政敌偏偏向曹魏大将军曹爽推荐了另一个人。因为王弼年纪尚小,并不擅长公务,最终无缘“观国之光,利用宾于王。”他未能担任黄门侍郎,何晏为之叹息。

王弼虽然无缘在仕途上高歌猛进,但却取得了卓越的学术成就。他“观我生,君子无咎”,用老子的思想注解《易经》,借以阐述自己的哲学观点,最终在经学上开一代新风,以不可思议的天才智慧之光,照亮了整个时代。

王弼从思辨的角度注释《易经》,提出象、言、意三个概念,卦象为象,卦爻辞为言,卦象与卦爻辞共同释意。意,就是义理,是象、言所要表达的东西。所以,我们如果已经明白了“意”,便不必拘泥于象和言,这就叫得意而忘言。

后世以《易经》之义理“观其生,君子无咎。”他们用来指导自己的言行,帮助自己为人、处世、做事,进而影响到世界观、人生观和艺术观。王弼的哲学思想极大影响了宋明理学,对佛教中国化也起到了重要作用。他关于“意象”的辩证观点,也成为中国文艺理论的一个重要观点。

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